Amazigh-State Relations in Morocco and Algeria

Amazigh-State Relations in Morocco and Algeria

Finally getting around to posting my thesis.  I've posted it as PDF below.

ABSTRACT:

As some of North Africa’s original inhabitants, the indigenous Amazigh population in

Morocco and Algeria has withstood waves of invaders to retain a distinct cultural and

linguistic identity that has persisted within—and despite—nearly fourteen centuries of

Arab rule. The emergence of Morocco and Algeria as modern nation-states following

their independence marked the beginning of an ongoing tension between each state and

its ethnic Amazigh minorities. With one state (i.e., Morocco) more inclusive and

progressive and the other more repressive and exclusionary (i.e., Algeria), what are the

factors that explain the different outcomes in both states?

This study compares the two movements in Algeria and Morocco by investigating

the relative salience of two central variables—that of each state’s institutions and the

behavior of its movements—on the outcomes for the Amazigh community. The major

finding is that state institutions stand as the most potent variable due to their ability to

channel movement strategies towards either militancy or accommodation. This power is

largely illustrated through Morocco’s reliance on cooptation as an initial response to

expressions of grievance that has produced a milder form of activism. In contrast, Algeria

has defaulted to a more repressive approach (to any dissent) that has produced a strident

activism with radical offshoots. Movement behavior continues to play a secondary role

that largely hinges on its ability to use globalization as an amplifying and mobilizing

instrument for international pressure.

https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B4BE1_xKfeEUTDlQc2c5UHRkVmc/edit?usp=sharing

Abstract for my thesis: Amazigh-State Relations in Algeria in Morocco

25 SEP 2013 Update: Here's a link to my full thesis: 

http://fuuo.blogspot.de/2013/08/amazighstaterelationsmoroccoalgeria.berber.fao.html

Abstract for my thesis: Amazigh-State Relations in Algeria in Morocco

As some of the original inhabitants of North Africa, the indigenous Amazigh population in Morocco and Algeria has withstood waves of invaders to retain a distinct cultural and linguistic identity that has persisted within—and despite—nearly fourteen centuries of Arab rule. The emergence of Morocco and Algeria as modern nation-states following their independence from French colonial masters marked the beginning of a tension still apparent today between each state and its ethnic Amazigh minorities. With one state (i.e., Morocco) more inclusive and progressive and the other more repressive and exclusionary (i.e., Algeria), what are the factors that explain the different outcomes in both states?   

This study compares the two movements in Algeria and Morocco by investigating the relative salience of two central variables—that of each state’s institutions  (to include its political system) and the behavior of its movements—on the outcomes for the Amazigh community. The major finding is that state institutions stand as the most potent variable due to their ability to channel movement strategies towards either militancy or accommodation. This power is largely illustrated through Morocco’s reliance on cooptation as an initial response to expressions of grievance that has produced a milder form of activism. In contrast, the Algerian state has defaulted to a more repressive approach (to dissent of any kind) that has produced a strident activism with radical offshoots. Movement behavior continues to play a secondary supporting role that largely hinges on its ability to use globalization as an amplifying and mobilizing instrument for international pressure.  

Summary of 9 requests of the 2000 Amazigh/Berber Manifesto

In my thesis research I found that there's not a good summary of the 9 central requests anywhere (that I could easily find).  So I went through the lengthy and verbose "Berber Manifesto" and summarized its 9 main requests here.

Summary of 9 requests of the 2000 Amazigh/Berber Manifesto

First Request

The Amazigh nature of every Moroccan must be openly and freely debated at the national level.  The “alternance” government is ideally positioned to moderate with the Prime Minister as the leader.

The Second Request

 A constitutional recognition of Tamazight as an official and national language.

The Third Request

Government-sponsored economic affirmative action policies to be implemented on a temporary basis—focused on infrastructure, agriculture, industry, education and training—to bring them on par with the rest of the nation.

The Fourth Request

 Enforce the teaching of Tamazigh at all levels of the education system. Government support for the scientific study of the language to enable competent teaching of it.

The Fifth Request

Creation of a “national scientific commission” to develop a Moroccan (and maghrebian) history syllabus that includes and recognizes (not denigrates) the role of the Imazighen.  This commission shall operate apart from and independently from the ministers of education.

The Sixth Request

Institutionalize Tamazight within the public sphere to include: radion/tv, judicial system, public administration, health care system, local/regional government.  Train and employ Tamazight translators and interpreters to ensure equal access and use for all citizens.  End ban (whether official or not) on registration of Amazigh names in State Registry. 

The Seventh Request

The rehabilitation of Amazigh arts (i.e., literature, dancing, singing, architecture and ecoration) and equality of access and funding within the government (to a level on par with Arab peers).

The Eighth Request

Recognition of historical and given Amazigh names for locations (i.e., villages, cities and regions) in the nation instead of their replacement with Arabic ones due to arbitrary Arabization.  Rightful prioritization of Amazigh notables when naming public institutions (e.g., El-Khattabi is last on the list for avenue names).

The Ninth Request

Qualification of Amazigh cultural associations for official state financial assistance.   Equal financial assistance for publications promoting Amazigh heritage of Morocco as is received by ones in Arabic and French.

Berber Language Map

In research for my thesis on the Berbers in Morocco and Algeria I have found it difficult to find good ethno-linguistic maps (online) of the Amazigh populations in north Africa.  To rectify that deficiency I will post any good ones that I find here:

This first one is a poor scan but I will post an improved one soon.