FAO Quotables

"But being right, even morally right, isn't everything. It is also important to be competent, to be consistent, and to be knowledgeable. It's important for your soldiers and diplomats to speak the language of the people you want to influence. It's important to understand the ethnic and tribal divisions of the place you hope to assist."
-Anne Applebaum

Showing posts with label stavridis. Show all posts
Showing posts with label stavridis. Show all posts

Wednesday, September 21, 2016

Weekly Reading: Treating People Well, Happiness, Lent, Cleaning up Cereal, Partition and Confrontational, Loud Israelis

Playing a little catch up on my weekly readings.

A New Business Strategy: Treating Employees Well
Who would have thought right?  Great article on B-corporations and King Arthur flour in particular.

http://worldhappiness.report/
Yes, happiness is a difficult thing to quantify but this report is a great start.  Figuring out a country or a person's concept of happiness is one of the single most important thing you can do if you are a diplomat/foreign area officer working in a foreign country.

Ash Dykes Madagascar Journey
The man who traversed Madagascar on foot...and who wrote, filmed and blogged about it.

The baffling reason many millennials don’t eat cereal
Perfectly sums them up.  They don't cereal because they don't like to clean it up...seriously...they don't like to clean up the bowl...of empty cereal.

If my church does not practice Lent, should I?
Great post by an old friend from our church in DC.

Navy Medal of Honor Awardee Inducted into Pentagon's Hall of Heroes
Great video.

Goldwater Nichols 2.0
Mandatory reading for Foreign Area officers.  Great CSIS breakdown on the 2016 SASC hearings on defense reform and interagency changes.

It’s Time to Seriously Consider Partitioning Syria
Stavridis opines on partition.  Here's my own argument for partition, in general.

A helpful graphic that compares how EMOTIONALLY EXPRESSIVE and how CONFRONTATIONAL people of various cultural backgrounds generally are.




Sunday, January 17, 2016

Weekly Reading: the Fugees, ISIS, Happiness and the Death of a Diplomatic Legend

Killing the Islamic State Softly Military power will win battles in Syria and Iraq, but only soft power can win the war
The prolific Stavridis makes his argument for soft power against ISIS--bottom line--it won't be cheap.

What makes a good life? Lessons from the longest study on happiness
A decent (albeit long-winded) TED-ish speech on an INCREDIBLE and fascinating 75 year study on happiness.  Short answer: the most valuable thing you can do is invest in close relationships with family and friends.  Loneliness kills...literally.

YOUR HOLIDAY READING LIST: 58 BOOKS RECOMMENDED BY TED SPEAKERS
It's a good and interesting list to consider.

The Arts and the Military
Great deep thoughts from a Naval Academy classmate on civil-military relations.  He's got a great website/blog that he writes at--check it out.

What Would Cool Jesus Do? Inside Hillsong Church NYC
I never expect GQ to be so even-handed in an article about a Protestant movement/church but the author was--a fascinating look into the leadership of the Hillsong church..and Justin Bieber.

The 20 Habits of Eventual Millionaires
Really this is just a depressing article...10 ideas a day?  Who has time for that?  Who even has 10 ideas a month or a year?  ...I guess millionaires?

Call to battle’: Catholic bishop challenges men to be ‘men’ in awesome new video
Great call for men to be leaders in loving their families.

The CNO Puts it to Paper
The Navy's top admiral makes his pitch for the United States to maintain maritime superiority.  It's a quick read worthy of some thought.

The U.S. diplomatic corps loses a legend just when it needs him the most
A fitting requiem for diplomatic great Ambassador Bosworth.  A worthwhile read and summary of his myriad accomplishments.

Thursday, December 3, 2015

Weekly Reading List: Ivory-Terrorism myths, People Hangovers, Shoeboxes and Lawrence in Syria

The US needs to retire daylight savings and just have two time zones—one hour apart
Before 1883 the US had over 300 different time zones--who knew?  A well-researched cogent argument for ditching the daylight savings system.  You can follow her on twitter here.

The Ivory-Funded Terrorism Myth

McConnell is quite simply one of the best reporters in Africa today.  If he writes it, I read it--you should too.  This is a must read article for senior military leaders and policy-makers alike.  Key quote:  "It matters because global terrorism and the international ivory trade are distinct problems, requiring different strategies; conflating the two risks undermining the fight against both." 

How to Avoid a People Hangover

Donald Miller's 'Storyline Blog' is mandatory reading for introverts (I'm a borderline introvert) and I know exactly what he means about a people hangover.  

Unsolicited Advice About Shoeboxes

If your church or group sends Christmas shoeboxes abroad to Africa --PLEASE, PLEASE, PLEASE read this helpful post first.

How Would Lawrence of Arabia Defeat the Islamic State?

Great article by the prolific Staviridis.  Some great food for thought--I especially liked the idea of integrating the Af-Pak hands cadre across appropriate military planning staffs.  And of course, I also appreciation his plug for foreign area officers.

Mystery of Madagascar's stunted children

A rather complex wicked problem here in Madagascar.  Over 60% of children in Madagascar suffering from stunting--that is to say, chronic and lasting malnutrition that not only affect height but also long-term cognitive ability.

The Norwich Review of International and Transnational Crime (NRITC)

Looks like an interesting new magazine--but unfortunately the only way to read it is to download it as a PDF...not the most user friendly.

Tuesday, July 7, 2015

What I Read Last Week: A Rwandan survivor finds her voice, RSVPs, Grammar, Tragedy at Sea and Salter Sets Sail

Now that my WIRLW is kind of a thing--I want to further delineate the trove of links and articles with the Best Thing I Read All Week (BTIRAW).  The WIRL column is useful for me because I read so many articles every week but previously had no repository (aside from the Evernote notebook I created online).  Finally, for me it's a good analytical exercise to condense what I read into a short sentence or two.

BTIRAW:
Everything is Yours, Everything is Not Yours
Powerful autobiographical #longread about Rwandan genocide flee-er turned wandering refugee turned Yale student turned young woman who found her voice.   Her story casts aside any easy categorizations of her struggle and journey.  I found myself checking the cursor on the right side of my IPAD screen to see how much of the article I had left--I didn't want it to end.  For someone who admits struggling with her English writing--she is superb.  Incidentally, this story is published on medium.com which in Comoros (where I am right now) you can't access without using a VPN.

Les Autres:

The Aspirational R.S.V.P.: Saying Yes When You Mean No
I've found this to be especially true in Madagascar--especially when you invite a counterpart and his/her spouse to an event--they will almost always reply yes for both people but then only one shows up.  Personally, I think the idea of an aspirational RSVP is juvenile and rubbish.

Michael Gove is instructing his civil servants on grammar
Hilarious.  All English majors dream of having a position from which we can dictate our very own 'elements of style'

This is Sometimes More Important Than Praying
A good reality check and warning against religion (versus love for God).

Why Books by Soldiers Matter So Much Right Now
A nice plug from Men's Journal.  I previously wrote about two of the books he mentions (Redeployment and Preparation for the Next Life) here, here, and here.

Incoming: Floating Bases Are an Old Idea Whose Time May Have Come Again
Stavridis--the writing machine plugs ideas for Afloat Staging Base and highlights opportunities for public-private partnership.

Unheeded Warnings THE NAVY IGNORED YEARS OF ALARMING REPORTS — AND TWO PILOTS PAID THE PRICE
A lengthy Navy Times investigation into the tragic mishap that occurred at my old squadron HS-6.  It highlights that facts that aviation squadrons can write HAZREPs till they are blue in the face but if SWOs aren't required to read them it is often all for nought.

James Salter, a ‘Writer’s Writer’ Short on Sales but Long on Acclaim, Dies at 90
One of my favorite writers that I only discovered this past year.  I've written about this author several times--despite some philosophical/moral differences I am sad that his reign within the realm of the written word has passed.
What we read in 2014
A Sport and a Pastime Kindle Notes and Highlights
All That Is Kindle Notes and Highlights
Light Years: Kindle Highlights and Notes
Last Night by James Salter: My Notes and Kindle Highlights
Burning the Days: My Notes and Kindle Highlights










Friday, June 12, 2015

What I Read Last Week: Pizza in Somalia, Stretching in Your Office, The Trust of the Uniform and Choked Out in Joburg

Op-Ed: The Evolution of Thanking Those in Uniform
The Supe at the Naval Academy pens a thoughtful piece on receiving thanks for one's service.  I love his suggested response: "Thank you for your trust."

Navy SEAL: Here’s how to stay fit when you have no time to workout

I like his suggestion for 15 minutes of mobility work you can do in the office without getting all sweaty.

What Russian Literature Tells Us About Vladimir Putin’s World

Stavridis continues to kill it with these pieces--it's so intimidating to be confronted with such a prolific writer and academic.

The best pizza in Mogadishu

McConnel is one of the top pens reporting in Africa--I make sure to read everything he writes.

Glamorous Crossing: How Pan Am Airways Dominated International Travel in the 1930s

A story with excellent research that tells the story of the hard fought battles for growth within the aviation industry.

Marikana massacre: the untold story of the strike leader who died for workers’ rights

A rather brutal story that never made it to the international press back in 2012.




Monday, November 19, 2012

My Complete Notes on Hartley's "The Zanzibar Chest"

Notes on The Zanzibar Chest by Aidan Hartley

BONUS LINK:  My entire (so far) grad school notes collection can be found here. 



I've embedded my complete notes below.  Previously all of these notes had been spread out over 15 posts or so.

From time to time, God causes men to be born—and thou art one of them—who have a lust to go
abroad at the risk of their lives and discover news—today it may be of far-off things, tomorrow of
some hidden mountain, and the next day of some nearby men who have done a foolishness against
the state. These souls are very few; and of these few, not more than ten are of the best.
-Kim

I love Hartley’s opening quote. If there were ever an engraving to be mounted on the wall of my
hypothetical office it would be this . Part of the path to achievement is often began just by the act
of writing your goal down: to be one of the ‘ten best’ FAOs, foreign policy experts, africanists.

 

LINKS:
http://fuuo.blogspot.com/2010/09/africa-book-recommendation-zanzibar.html
http://fuuo.blogspot.com/2011/01/following-adm-stavridis-advice-on.html
http://fuuo.blogspot.com/2011/01/zanzibar-chronicles-continues.html
http://fuuo.blogspot.com/2011/01/zanzibar-chronicles-continue.html
http://fuuo.blogspot.com/2011/01/zanzibar-chest-chronicles-continue.html
http://fuuo.blogspot.com/2011/01/zanzibar-chest-chronicles-continue_10.html
http://fuuo.blogspot.com/2011/01/zanzibar-chest-chronicles-continues.html
http://fuuo.blogspot.com/2011/01/zanzibar-chest-chronicles-continue_11.html
http://fuuo.blogspot.com/2011/01/zanzibar-chest-chronicles-continue_13.html
http://fuuo.blogspot.com/2011/02/zanzibar-chest-chronicles-continue.html
http://fuuo.blogspot.com/2011/02/zanzibar-chest-chronicles-continue_17.html
http://fuuo.blogspot.com/2011/02/zanzibar-chest-chronicles-continue_19.html
http://fuuo.blogspot.com/2011/02/zanzibar-chest-chronicles-continues.html
http://fuuo.blogspot.com/2011/03/zanzibar-chest-chronicles-continue.html
http://fuuo.blogspot.com/2011/03/zanzibar-chest-chronicles-continue_22.html
http://fuuo.blogspot.com/2011/05/zanzibar-chest-chronicles-continue.html

Monday, May 2, 2011

Must read for all FAO's: GEN Ward on Army FAO future--thinking strategically

This excellent article merits robust thought and debate by FAO's across the services.  While each service has a unique approach to their FAO program, this article contains useful takeaways for everyone.  My only criticism is that it is limited to the Army FAOs. 

As I have said in previous posts, FAOs across the services (DODFAO's) are missing out in not having a central strategic person/office (GOFO/SES) overseeing the DOD FAO community. 

As one example,  this GOFO/SES would seek cooperative ways in which the Army FAO community's shortcomings could be filled by the Navy FAO community and vice versa. 

Another example would be this GOFO/SES serving as a central DOD advocate to the DIA in thinking strategically about our distribution of FAOs within the attaché system.  There is no doubt that the distribution of world-wide attaché positions amongst the services hasn't been systemically examined/updated/revised since before the Cold War in all likelihood.  This isn't meant to be DOD services trying to wrest control from the DIA--this is about the GOFO/SES building partnerships within institutions where there isn't a central bridge. 

I have great admiration when senior GOFO's take the time to write and publish:
and GEN Ward is no different; I find it heartening and inspiring that he has taken the time to thoughtfully and analytically address the very issues near and dear to most young FAOs.  I suspect that it will only be a matter of time before we are fortunate enough to hear ADM Stavridis' (from the mighty USNA class of '76) thoughts on a strategic outlook for the DOD FAO program. 

What are your thoughts on the role this DOD FAO GOFO/SES would play?


By GEN William E. (Kip) Ward, COL Thomas P. Galvin

Thursday, February 17, 2011

8 Star post from ADM Stavridis and Harvey


A Four Star Blog Post x 2: Lessons Learned from Our Carrier Tours by ADM Harvey and ADM Stavridis


This is a post worth reading.  Without sounding like too much of a suckup, I read everything I can find by ADM Stavridis.  The fact that you can be a 4-star Admiral and still have time to write personal and intellectually engaging material is impressive.  This would be something akin to Angelina Jolie and President Obama writing her/his own tweets...

If you don't have the time to read their full posts, I have provided their most important points below:


Key point from ADM Harvey:

-First, the essential relationship between the division chief and the new division officer is what makes all the difference for overly enthusiastic, but perhaps dangerously naïve JO’s like myself. Senior Chief Neil taught me what it truly meant to be an officer. 
-Second, the ship, no matter how large, takes on the personality of the Commanding Officer, and a good leader must possess professional competence, intelligent good sense, and respect for those he leads. CAPT C. C. Smith exemplified those essential leadership qualities.
- Finally, and most importantly, it’s your choices, not your circumstances, that determine your future. You have to play the hand you’re dealt.

A good leader has respect for those he leads...very well put and a subtle point that is easy to overlook.


Key points from ADM Stavridis:

-He graduated from the second (or third if you ask my grandfather, '51) best class ever at the Naval Academy, with 2001 being the best of course.  '76 was my dad's class so I am happy to give them the nod for second.
-Ask for help: After my three years on the new destroyer, I thought I knew everything I needed to know. But the carrier was a different universe. I had to swallow my pride and learn to tap into the rich base of experience and knowledge that existed in the ship, from my Chiefs up to the Captain. And above all, I saw that the peer network that sustains us in friendship is also a deep source of technical experience and ideas.
-Creativity matters: The things I had learned on the new destroyer just didn’t seem to apply. I was in a new and tougher world on the carrier, and I had to adapt. That means getting rid of old habits, even ones that have worked in the past, and coming up with new approaches. Like in sports, you have to change a tactic or technique that isn’t working and try new approaches.
-Keep your sense of humor. Lots of things are going to go wrong. The measure of any officer is not perfection, because we will all fail at times. I certainly have; and for example we flunked the first big engineering inspection badly that I was involved in onboard FORRESTAL. But you keep things in perspective, learn to laugh at yourself, correct your mistakes, and keep coming back.

I think that ADM Stavridis' point concerning creativity is probably the most overlooked one in our military today.  With the military's inherent bureaucracy, the pivotal role that creativity and innovation have played in its development is often overlooked.  

Monday, December 27, 2010

Stavridis remarks at Naval Institute Honors Night: "Whispers on the Wall"

Wow, a great speech by ADM Stavridis on the importance of officers (particularly junior officers) publishing!  This is a quick read, but an important one for Foreign Area Officers especially. 

At the Navy FAO conference this past April in Monterey, RADM Lemmons (Navy FAO Flag sponsor)  specifically mentioned publishing as an essential tenet in becoming an effective FAO. 

FUUO self-criticism: blogging is great, but I need to get my act in gear and publish!

 

 

U.S. Naval Institute Honors Night: Commemorating the Naval Institute's 137th Anniversary

Keynote Address by Admiral James Stavridis, U.S. Navy

 

Whispers on a Wall 

Thank you very much, Tom, for that extremely generous and mercifully short introduction!  And let me say right up front: What a terrific group we have here tonight!  Active duty, retired, soon-to-be-Commissioned; military and civilian; public and private sectors…this is simply wonderful to see!
Great to see so many mentors from across the years here, from Fox Fallon to Tom Marfiak to Jim Barber to Fred Rainbow.  Fred gave me my start in the pages of Proceedings and I will never forget it.  And the Commandant of the Coast Guard, my good friend Bob Papp—WOW.
Distinguished guests, friends and colleagues, members of and supporters of the Sea Services…SHIPMATES, all of you—good evening! WELCOME and thank you so much for joining us.  It truly is an honor for me to be here tonight.
Thank you, Tom, for inviting me to speak at this wonderful event.  I thought I’d limit my remarks to about 2 hours?  Is that good for everyone?  Get a drink now if you need one …
I am reminded at these “honors nights” at how old I am becoming.  These are sort of the “five stages of a career,” which go like this:
ADM James Stavridis, USN  To view a slideshow of the 2010 Honors Night, click here.
“Who is Stavridis?”
“I hear good things about Stavridis”
“Get me Stavridis to work on this”
“You know, we need someone like Stavridis used to be”
And finally:
“Who is Stavridis?”
I am approaching if not passing through Stage five.
In all seriousness, before I go any further, I would like to underscore how I feel about the U.S. Naval Institute—a truly historic organization—and I would say, a “national treasure”—because of its…YOUR…OUR…tireless efforts to preserve, support and strengthen our maritime heritage and contributions to national security.
History is change.  Generally chaotic change.  And to recognize the waves that wash over us, to know the sea in which we swim, we need organizations like the Institute, with the Press and the Proceedings—highlighted by perhaps its most recognizable product Proceedings first published in 1874.  I think I submitted an article for that first volume, actually…
You continue to allow members and supporters of the Sea Services to express their thoughts, share their ideas and at times challenge the “conventional wisdom”, sailing against the current, with or without the prevailing winds, as it were.   And for that, we are stronger as a nation and I personally thank you!
Along these lines, tonight, I’d like to share just a couple thoughts I have regarding a subject that is very near and dear to my heart—and has been since I served as SALTY SAM for the class of 1976—and that is the topic of WRITING.
Over the years, I’ve often been asked three questions:
  1. Why on earth do you write all those articles and books?
  2. Where do you find the time to write given your responsibilities?
  3. Were you ever concerned that writing/publishing would put your career at risk?
During the course of these short remarks, I hope to answer all three of those questions.
The question of why I, or any potential author, would write in the first place.
First I would say, we all begin as readers.  I lived in Greece as a child and there was no television in those days, in the early 1960s.  So I became an endless reader of books, a habit that continues to this day with nearly 5,000 books in my house—what my wife Laura calls my “gentle madness.”
Voltaire, Shakespeare, Joseph Conrad, Herman Melville, Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, Scott Fitzgerald, Cormac McCarthy, Elmore Leonard, Ha Jin, John Updike, Ian McEwan, Peter Carey, Chris Buckley, Patrick O’Brian … I could go on and on.
ADM James Stavridis, USN  To view a slideshow of the 2010 Honors Night, click here.
But the key is that we all begin as readers.
Then something happens and you start to think … you want to be part of the conversation.  You step from reading to thinking to talking about books and ideas.
And you realize that all that reading and thinking and talking is—in the end—like trying “to nail whispers to a wall” as a writer said once.   “Writing freezes thought and offers it up for inspection.”
When you are lucky enough to be a sailor, there is an endless source of experience that connects somehow with what you have read and thought about and talked with others about.
And in my case at least, that leads to the desire to “freeze your thoughts” … to take responsibility for them, I suppose.
So I’ve written at every level—my High School paper the McClintock HS Guidon—the Log Magazine, where I was editor and then Salty Sam—Proceedings and other journals—and now blogs and posts and tweets—it is all for me the logical outgrowth of reading and thinking and learning—and hopefully freezing thought and being accountable for it.
You become part of the “great conversation” and hopefully contribute to it.
So the second question is where do I find the time to do all this writing?  First I would say going to sea, for all its busy time, has provided a space for reading, looking at the rolling ocean, and doing a little writing.  There were many times after a mid-watch when I wanted to sleep but thought—ah, just a minute or two to jot a line that came to me on a long, quiet steam across the Pacific.
And secondly, for me personally, I’ve always tried hard to manage my time carefully…to use small bits of time to chip away at important things.  If you wait until you have six hours to sit down and write an article, the odds are that you’ll never find the time.  But if you write a page or a paragraph here and there—while on an airplane or in a car ride—eventually you’ll have a good piece.  Do that in an organized way over a year, and you’ll have a book.  What seems like a big commitment in time is so often just a series of small steps.
This really isn’t that complicated.  Without oversimplifying, it has never been easier to get started. One Greek philosopher said, “If you wish to be a writer, write.” All you need are some ideas you care about and pen and paper . . . or more likely, these days, just a keyboard and a hook up to the Internet.   Today everyone has a microphone and everyone has a publisher.  We are all simultaneously experiencing our 15 minutes of fame.  So get in the mix …
My favorite pure writer, Ernest Hemingway, takes it one step further in typically descriptive language: “There is no rule on how to write.  Sometimes it comes easily and perfectly; sometimes it’s like drilling rock and then blasting it out with charges.”
Now…what about the third question, the one regarding career risk?  Quite the dilemma…at first blush.  I’ve had two “career ending” moments in my 34 years in the Navy, both of which included the essential thought from a 3-star Admiral to a far junior me, “Stavridis, your career is over” based on an idea I had articulated in print.
On the other hand, maybe somewhere along the way someone noticed something I wrote and thought, “hmmm, maybe that junior officer is worth taking the time to meet with and talk to.”  Some of the best career moments I’ve had came in that way—and there were many more of them than the other type.  So it is a balance, like life generally is—a rheostat, not an on-and-off switch.
But the bottom line is that your ideas will not go anywhere unless you have the courage to “hang them out there” for others to see…
The enormous irony of the military profession is that we are huge risk takers in what we do operationally—flying airplanes on-and-off a carrier, driving a ship through a sea state five typhoon, walking point with your platoon in southern Afghanistan—but publishing can scare us badly.  We are happy to take personal risk or operational risk, but too many of us won’t take career risk.  And to compound this, sometimes mentors even advise people against publishing, because it is perceived as a “career risk.”
I don’t agree, if you are sensible, professional, and honest.
A few rules apply:
Be careful of classification.  Show a draft to your immediate boss, who shouldn’t be surprised when an article comes out.  Write about what you actually know something about.  Find the appropriate venue and write as best you can with complete honesty for that audience.  Don’t attack people personally.  All basic common sense, frankly.
You don’t have to be the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the CNO or a Combatant Commander to get them published, although one day you might find yourself in those shoes. After all, just look at three young officers who published in Proceedings over the years, names you might recognize: Lieutenant William F. Halsey, Lieutenant Commander Chester Nimitz, and Lieutenant Ernest J. King, Lieutenant Commander John Morgan, Lieutenant Commander Joe Sestak, Commander Frank Pandolfe. What ever happened to those guys?
In fact, Proceedings, or any professional journal, would become irrelevant without the youth of the force publishing ideas and taking interest in the greater professional conversation.    If you look at the more exciting, thought-provoking, or innovative articles “penned” today, you more than likely will find young minds behind them—Lieutenants, Lieutenant Commanders, and Commanders.  We, as senior leaders and mentors, have a solemn duty to foster and encourage this conversation, particularly the dissenting opinions, for that is where we truly learn.
Naval Institute Press Authors of the Year: ADM James Stavridis, USN and Laura Hall Stavridis  To view a slideshow of the 2010 Honors Night, click here.
You know, the vision statement of Wikipedia is very instructive in all of this.  You all know Wikipedia and use it probably most days.  It is free, full of facts inputted by thousands of writers, and a source from which millions of people draw ideas, inspiration, facts, and knowledge.  The vision statement is very simple, like all good vision statements—“A World In Which Every Human Being Freely Shares in the Sum of all Knowledge.”
I would argue that for the Sea Services this is a challenging and important time—and we need all of us—especially our young officers, to read, think, write, and PUBLISH.
In doing so, in being part of this “great conversation,” by “nailing your whispers to a wall” and “freezing thought for inspection” we all contribute to “the sum of all security.”
In the end, no one of us—no one person, no one nation, no one alliance, no one blogger—is as smart as all of us thinking together.
Thank you for your time tonight, thank you for your unending support to our maritime heritage and future strength, and God bless you all.

Admiral James Stavridis is the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. Previously, he commanded U.S. Southern Command in Miami. He began his Navy publishing life as Salty Sam at the Naval Academy in 1976, and has since published more than one hundred articles and numerous books on leadership, shiphandling, and watch-standing, including Destroyer Captain and Command at Sea.