FAO Quotables

"But being right, even morally right, isn't everything. It is also important to be competent, to be consistent, and to be knowledgeable. It's important for your soldiers and diplomats to speak the language of the people you want to influence. It's important to understand the ethnic and tribal divisions of the place you hope to assist."
-Anne Applebaum

Showing posts with label africa center for strategic studies. Show all posts
Showing posts with label africa center for strategic studies. Show all posts

Friday, August 24, 2012

IR Notes on Power and Levels of Analysis

BONUS LINK:  My entire (so far) grad school notes collection can be found here. 

IR Notes on Power and Levels of Analysis


Power =
            - Ability to affect others to get the outcomes one wants
            - Ability to get others to do what they wouldn’t otherwise do
            *This is the difference between getting your kids to go outside and play and getting them to clean their room

- Typically realists align with hard power (using force to get what you want)
            Hard power = military (but this hard power comes in degrees: WAR vs COIN)     
            Soft power = material power/ideas

**Power must be addressed/examined in context because each situation may require different power resources
- Power is a relational concept that must be though of within BoP context

- BoP can be outcome or policy
- Walt also talks about the “balance of threat”

- Levels of analysis is a method of categorized events/causes:
           
            System (neorealists)
                        Structure (mechanical metaphors)
                        Process (biological metaphors)
            State (liberalists for the most part)
                        Types of states (democracies, autocracies)
                        Traits of states (nationalism)
            Sub-state
                        Aspects of states (bureaucratic politics, organizational process)
                        Disaggregated sovereignty
            Individuals (constructivists for the most part)
                        Human nature (psychological processes)
                        Particular people


Monday, July 4, 2011

Ethiopia's Plan For A 'Power Hub' On The Nile

I came across this article in ACSS's excellent daily media review:


Ethiopia says it will build four more hydroelectric dams on the Nile river as part of a plan to become a power hub for Africa. Ethiopian power corporation manager Mihret Debebe said Wednesday the dams could produce up to 11,000 megawatts and that work will start after 2015. He says the electricity will be exported to neighboring countries. The

Friday, July 1, 2011

China's meeting with Africa Documentary--Screening here in DC?

Check out the article below (linked) and the trailer on this documentary! 
(I came across it in ACSS's excellent daily media review)
It certainly looks to be an interesting one.  When it comes to China in Africa, I am implanted firmly in the 'learn' mode so you won't see any incisive analysis from me.  For that you must check out (as I have said many a time before) Deb Brautigam's and Amb. Shinn's blogs:
I look forward to hearing their thoughts, when and if they screen the film!


Incidentally, I have submitted a request to the company to allow me to screen the film here in DC for anyone interested!
Few countries capture the essence of the China-Africa relationship better than Zambia. Our film tells the story of the two countries in microcosm.

Thursday, June 30, 2011

"Nigeria’s Pernicious Drivers of Ethno-Religous Conflict" from ACSS

Nigeria’s Pernicious Drivers of Ethno-Religous Conflict
by Chris Kwaja

I knew I would enjoy this recent paper published by the Africa Center for Strategic Studies (ACSS) just from the title.  While personally I am quite judicious in my use of the word 'pernicious', in this paper's case, the author is justified in his use of the word.

In case you are unfamiliar, pernicious means:

-causing insidious harm or ruin; ruinous; injurious; hurtful.

I've included a few choice quotes from the author's paper that I thought you were enlightening and/or important.

-This began to change in the early 1990s following an adjustment in the distribution of indigeneship certificates. In Nigeria,
  
-Part of the problem is disconnected lines of authority. Police and the armed forces are centralized at the federal level, and all related security requests must be channeled to the national capital for consideration. This poses serious challenges for early  response and management of internal security at the state and local levels.

-The concept of indigeneship inherently divides Nigerians and undermines the democratic form of government that Nigeria aspires to uphold. Indeed, it undercuts the very notion of what it means to be Nigerian.
indigenes are "original" inhabitants of a local government area, or members of those ethnic groups that trace their lineage back to the area. All others are considered "settlers," or migrants. The distinction was initially intended to allay concerns among minority groups who feared that their traditional customs and authority structures would be overwhelmed and eroded by the expansion of larger ethnic and religious groups. However, in practice, the classification has often been used to determine who "belongs" to a particular locality, which in turn determines whether citizens can participate in politics, own land, obtain a job, or attend school.4 Accordingly, the indigeneship certificate is now a defining document in the day-to-day lives of many Nigerians.








http://africacenter.org/category/security/publications/security-briefs/
The link above will take you to past security briefs.

Monday, June 27, 2011

You already subscribe to ACSS' daily media review right?

You already subscribe to ACSS' daily media review right? Right? Right?  You should because it's pretty awesome as you can see below.


Media Review for June 27, 2011
     
          
Authorities in Nigeria have said that three separate bomb explosions in the country's northeast have killed at least 25 people and wounded many others. The attack on Sunday targeted outdoor beer gardens in the city of Maiduguri. Authorities have accused the Boko Haram group, which demands the adoption of sharia law, or Islamic law, throughout Nigeria, of being behind the attacks. Aljazeera



South Sudan is facing severe fuel shortages less than three weeks before it gains independence from the rest of the country. Many gas stations have shut down and those that remain open have people lining up overnight for fuel. The shortage has affected all aspects of life. For the last two weeks many offices in oil-rich south Sudan's capital, Juba, have closed or only opened for half the day because they could not find fuel to power generators. The Guardian



US efforts to both persuade and strong-arm Sudan's northern government into cooperation have been unsuccessful, illustrating a lack of leverage that is a result of inconsistent policies. CS Monitor



The meeting between Sudanese president Omer Hassan al-Bashir and his Chinese counterpart Hu Jintao on Monday has been cancelled after his plane failed to arrive at the scheduled time, officials in Beijing told Agence France Presse (AFP). Sudan Tribune



Far be it from me to compare Britain's most famous sea-lord with the commander of US AFRICOM, other than to point out that there is something very Nelsonian about General Carter F Ham's statement on June 1 that he "could see no evidence" of Algeria's support for Muammar Gaddafi's beleaguered regime in Libya. Saying that one 'cannot see' something, like Nelson placing his telescope to his blind eye, is invariably just a disingenuous semanticism for denying the existence of something which, as in the case of Algerian support for Gaddafi, is becoming increasingly evident. Aljazeera



Algerian Land Forces Commander Major General Ahcene Tafer met with U.S. Army Africa Commander Major General David R. Hogg and toured the command's headquarters in Vicenza, Italy, June 15, 2011. Hogg visited Algeria in December 2010, so this was a chance for him to offer Tafer the same type of welcome he was given during his visit there. US Africom



The top U.S. admiral involved in the Libya war admitted to a U.S. congressman that NATO forces are trying to kill Libyan leader Muammar al-Qaddafi. The same admiral also said he anticipated the need for ground troops in Libya after Qaddafi falls, according to the lawmaker. Foreign Policy



South African President Jacob Zuma slammed Nato's operation in Libya at the opening of the African Union's (AU) Libya panel meeting in Pretoria. Rebels said they expected a proposal from Moamer Kadhafi "very soon" through French and South African intermediaries. RFI



Mauritania's army claims to have "completely destroyed" an Al-Qaeda camp in neighbouring Mali. The two countries launched a joint offensive against Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (Aqim) on 21 June but Mauritania acted alone in Friday's operation. RFI



Two years ago, the Kenya government raised eyebrows at home when it hired Chlopak Leonard Schechter and Associates (CLS), a top lobbying firm in Washington DC that also represents Google and Intuit. The controversy was centred on two issues: First, the cost, which at $1.7 million looked pricey for a poor country; and second, why the country was paying to fix its image in Washington DC. The East African



The Pentagon is sending nearly $45 million in military equipment, including four small drones, to Uganda and Burundi to help battle the escalating terrorist threat in Somalia. The latest aid, laid out in documents obtained by The Associated Press, comes as attacks intensify in Somalia against the al-Qaida-linked terror group al-Shabab, including an airstrike late Thursday that hit a militant convoy, killing a number of foreign fighters, according to officials there. AP



Canadian mining investment in Africa has shown remarkable growth in the past decade. The continent currently receives roughly 20 per cent of Canadian overseas mining capital, which in 2009 was valued at over $20-billion. As with other mining regions, Africa is rife with complaints concerning human rights abuse and environmental destruction associated with these investments. pambazuka News



Not only did many feel that western governments had too often turned a blind eye to the depravities of their Tunisian allies in order to secure their own economic and geo-strategic interests in the region, but, even worse, many suspected that some of Ben Ali's most heinous crimes were committed at the behest of these governments. The Huffington Post



Fifteen associates of former president Laurent Gbagbo, including a former premier, have been charged with challenging the "sovereignty of the state", setting up armed gangs and economic crimes, the prosecutor in Abidjan said Sunday. France 24



Several members of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood, including a prominent senior figure, broke off to form a new political party Sunday, exposing further cracks in the influential Islamic group that is expected to be the most formidable contender in Egypt's upcoming elections. Stars and Stripes



Nicolas Sarkozy yesterday delivered a scathing parting shot to Robert Gates, the outgoing US defence secretary, accusing him of showing the "bitterness" of a future retiree. The French president's rebuke came two weeks after Mr Gates criticised European allies for the reliance on the US military, warning them that they were putting Nato's future at risk, as well as the mission in Libya. The Telegraphe



Land sector commentators have widely criticised ANC Youth League president Julius Malema's call for the expropriation of white-owned farm land without compensation. They said that the failure of the government's willing-buyer, willing-seller model had paved the way for the increasing popularity of Malema's call but there were many other options. Mail and Guardian



U.S. Sens. John McCain and John Kerry focused on the U.S. and Egyptian economies during a trip to Egypt Saturday and Sunday. Their stop in Cairo was part of a broader trip to promote U.S. economic ties in the region. CNN



Like many war stories, this one began with love. Before the tear gas and street riots, the violent arrests and hospital visits, Yoweri Museveni and Kizza Besigye were close friends, a future president and the doctor to whom he entrusted his life. They fought together to free their country from dictatorship. Some say they even fell for the same woman. The New York Times

Hundreds of Muslim protesters descended on a Jehovah's Witness temple and a bar in a conservative Muslim neighborhood of the Senegalese capital on Sunday, setting the buildings on fire in a rare instance of religious extremism in the predominantly Muslim nation. The Washington Post

Monday, April 4, 2011

Senator Isakson's Speech at SAIS from 31 MAR 11



Following are my notes (my comments are in italic maroon) on SEN ISAKSON’s speech last week at SAIS.  
My overall take would be to caution his staffers to ‘tone’ the Senator’s ‘quotable’ lines.  I could see them rubbing some people the wrong way needlessly.  It also grated me a little that he didn’t mention Africa Partnership Station, ACOTA, AMLEP or any of the other Navy/State success stories on the continent.  However, if he's not informed on these issues I can't really blame him. 
            In the end, SEN Isakson appeared sincere in his concern for issues in Africa; he may not be an ‘African-ist’ or seasoned State Department Official, but does hold a position in which he can command a large audience.  Most importantly, he has spent time on the continent, a fact which places him far ahead of many other congressmen and government officials.  I look forward to his continued use of this ‘pulpit’ for Africa and hope he expands his interest into the maritime security arena of Africa--aside from clean water the most pressing issue for Africa over the next 50 years.   

SEN Isakson Speech at SAIS

“Most important continent in the 21st century is Africa.” 
“Middle East happenings are potentially historic.”

#1 American Foreign Assistance in Africa
- President’s Emergency Initiative to eradicate AIDS, PEPFAR has had
tremendous paybacks, reducing death from AIDS drastically
- NGOs CARE USA and an Atlanta-based microloan NGO (didn’t catch the name).  Loans are only given to the women in the various African villages.  Stated that on the whole, the men aren’t as trustworthy as the women when it comes to money.  This may be a cultural ‘truth-ism’ but I still winced when he said it.  However, he didn’t skip a beat and went on to comment that “it’s probably a lot like here in the US. 
If I were the Senator, I would use Nelson Mandela’s quote instead as it comes off as much more credible:
"Money on the hands of a woman is spent better and goes further, leading to the development not only of the family unit, but society as a whole."
- NELSON MANDELA, Global Summit of Women 2000

- African Millennium Foundation “Africa is the most corrupt place on the face of the earth.”  This may or not be true, but it irks me, and I am sure a lot of others from various African nations to be lumped together like that.  This isn’t a statement I would want to repeat often were I “Ranking Member of Senate Foreign Relations Committee’s Subcommittee on African Affairs. Some may view this as semantics, but I would instead say: “Africa has some of the most corrupt nations of any continent.” Or something to that effect.
He went on to talk about the 11 investments on the continent so far that seek to fight corruption and promote transparency. 

#2 US Private Investment
- Equatorial Guinea=> 20 years ago is one of the poorest nations on earth, and today it is one of the most quickly developing due to natural gas discoveries and the investment by Marathon Oil.
- Coca-cola’s #1 project right now is to become a water neutral company with a $30 million seed investment in Africa to do so.  To tell you the truth, it never occurred to me that Coca Cola is using local water sources to manufacture and make their products—now that I have read about it, this is obvious of course. 
As to how well Coke is doing, a quick google search show mixed results:

#3 China’s involvement
- they have flooded Africa with workers to extract resources, whereas the US employs Africans
            “If we extract, we must also develop human capital”

#4 DARFUR
            > 1 million live in most dire circumstances.  There are 11 wells for 55K people. 

#5 HOA
Important as intel and development outreach

Questions and Answers Session:

- On Rwanda, Senator is friends with their President Kagame.
*There they have forced the Tutsis and Hutu to work side by side (in pairs) at the National Basket Company
*Umuganda Sundays: he said these are certain Sundays where people can’t drive cards and from 8 to noon everyone does a community service project to help the community.  During these  Sundays, the genocide perpetrators’ sentence is to wear a blue shirt with a yellow stripe and to take care of the survivors. 
All of these things are a nice sentiment but I sense that it isn’t quite this ideal.  Those wishing to learn more should check out the following links. Personally, I learned a lot by reading them.  I didn’t know many details concerning the genocide or how the country has dealt with it since.  The Harvard article below  offers particularly astute insight into post-genocide Rwanda.  The author gives great details on the gacaca (meaning “small grass”)courts.

Of note, I couldn’t find a single article to support the “scarlet letter” yellow striped shirt anecdote.  However, I could just be typing the wrong thing into google.  Perhaps his staff could provide reference material for this? 


If I were one of Senator’s Isakson’s staffers I would read the following paper and provide him with an executive summary before he spoke on Rwanda’s handling of the genocide perpetrators in the future. 

Why is the US so slow to react in the Cote D’Ivoire? 
“Good question.  Rwanda’s another good example of past missed opportunities.  The government of the US must make decisions based on our vital and national security interests.”  He went on to defend our involvement as altruistic in Libya because we get less than 1% of our oil from there.  What he failed to mention was the large amount of oil OUR ALLIES get from Libya. 

*Secretary of State is going to be making an announcement soon on a special envoy to this west African region.  Senator intends to travel to Benin and Ghana soon. 

Regarding a question on China: “We can deal and trade with China or we can become enemies with them.”  He would like us to deal and trade. 

On Libya again, he does subscribe to the statement by McCain and Kerry from a few weeks ago, “I think we did the right thing 3 weeks too late”

“Equatorial Guinea’s leader [Mbasogo] is not ready for primetime yet, but he’s the best we’ve got to deal with right now.” 

“Last thing Ahmedinajad wants is the democratization of the Middle East.”  He went on to tout the world coalition of support for intervention in Libya BUT he didn’t mention the AU’s failure to support.

Monday, March 28, 2011

Africa Center for Strategic Studies Media Review

I've said it before but I will say it again; the ACSS daily media review is where it's at!  Click on this blog's title to go to their website and subscribe!  As you can see below, their article list is pretty exhaustive and comprehensive. 



Africa Center for Strategic Studies  
Media Review for March 28, 2011
     
Obama To Define Libya Mission In Monday's Speech
President Obama addresses the nation on U.S. military operations in Libya Monday night. The operation started nine days ago. Since then, Obama has faced criticism from Republicans - and some Democrats - for not having stated firm goals, and for not getting congressional approval first. NPR

One by one, the milestones on the road to Tripoli are falling  
The last time the rebels made it as far west as Bin Jawad, it ended in disaster: their fighters ran into a murderous ambush, lost 70 men, and were forced into a terrifying retreat that nearly ended their campaign. But yesterday, after a stunning sweep across the territory for which they have fought so hard and for so long, they were back. The Independant

Libyan rebels are claiming to have captured the town of Sirte, the home of embattled Libyan leader, Muammar Gaddafi. Shamsi Abdul Molah, a spokesman for the opposition's National Council, told Al Jazeera that opposition forces had moved into the city at approximately 1.30am last night (local time). "[They say that] they found it an unarmed city. They had no problem getting in there, they did not encounter any resistance," reported Sue Turton, Al Jazeera's correspondent in Benghazi. Celebratory gunfire was head in Benghazi, the opposition's stronghold in the east of the country, as news filtered in of the taking of Gaddafi's hometown. Aljazeera


Libya air raids target Gadhafi hometown of Sirte http://abclocal.go.com/wjrt/story?section=news/national_world&id=8037661
Libyan state television reports that international airstrikes are targeting Moammar Gadhafi's hometown and stronghold of Sirte for the first time. Foreign journalists in the city reported loud explosions and warplanes flying overheard. ABC News

US still main force in anti-Libya strikes: Pentagon http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110327/pl_afp/libyaconflictusnato
The United States has undertaken the lion's share of coalition military sorties against Libya late Saturday and Sunday, despite NATO formally taking command of operations, Pentagon figures showed. AFP

AFRICOM's General Ham on Fox, NBC, CNN, BBC, AP
General Carter F. Ham, commander, U.S. Africa Command, was interviewed by Fox, NBC, CNN and BBC via the Defense Video and Imagery Distribution System and by AP via telephone March 25, 2011. The interviews focused on the future role of U.S. AFRICOM as NATO takes command of operations in Libya. "What makes me most proud is how quickly this coalition came together to operate very, very quickly," said Ham. "We'll now make sure this transition to NATO occurs very quickly and very precisely. It's a complex matter to do this transition while maintaining the momentum of the operation, but I'm convinced that this team that's been assembled can do just that." Africom

NATO took full command of military operations in Libya from a US-led coalition, empowering alliance forces to stage ground strikes to protect civilians threatened by Moamer Kadhafi's army. AFP

The Mediterranean Sea is the main battle front in the world currently, superseding the Afghanistan-Pakistan war theater, and the empire of the new third millennium - that of the U.S., the world's sole military superpower in the words of President Barack Obama in his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, and its NATO partners - is completing the transformation of the Mediterranean into its mare nostrum. Scoop.co.nz

Libya Action Creates Risks for Obama
Representative Dennis J. Kucinich, Democrat of Ohio, has raised the possibility of impeaching President Barack Obama for ordering aggressive airstrikes against Libya, while Mitt Romney, a potential Republican presidential candidate, has said the policy shows the commander in chief to be "tentative, indecisive, timid and nuanced." The New York Times

The French philosopher Bernard-Henri Levy and Bernard Kouchner, founder of Doctors Without Borders and until last year President Sarkozy's foreign minister, have long been champions of "the right to protect" - that is, the right of the international community to intervene if a sovereign is committing crimes against his own people. The Huffington Post

In a sign of U.S. confidence that the weeklong assault on Libya has tamed Moammar Gadhafi's air defenses, the Pentagon has reduced the amount of naval firepower arrayed against him, officials said Sunday. AP

Gates: Libya not 'a vital interest' for US, but part of region that's of vital US interest <link>  
Defense Secretary Robert Gates says he doesn't think Libya is "a vital interest" for the United States, but he does say the North African nation is part of a region that's of vital American interest. Gates tells NBC's "Meet the Press" that "we clearly have interests" in Libya, though he doesn't believe it's a vital American interest. The Washington Post

How Qaddafi bought friends and influence on the African continent <link>
Qaddafi certainly is an African problem. During the four decades that he has governed Libya, Qaddafi has entrenched himself as a dominant political force across the continent. Many an aspiring politician has sought his support; many a rebel movement has turned to him for weapons and training. African heads of state have gone to great pains to maintain good relations with the colonel knowing that to do otherwise might mean Qaddafi's next protégé rebel movement could crop up in their country. Which is why, even as the rest of the world has written off Qaddafi as a maniacal loon, the Libyan leader still has friends in Africa. Foreign Policy



How AU dropped the ball in North Africa <link>
When the US and its allies started aerial attacks to enforce the UN's "no-fly zone" over Libya on March 19, among the first injuries were to the ego of some of Africa's most powerful men. The AU High-Level Ad-hoc Committee that was supposed to arrive in Libya the next day to push the pan-African body's search for an end to the crisis, ended up with egg on their faces, when the UN's enforcers refused to allow them to land. The mission flopped. That must have been tough, because the ad-hoc team comprises proud men who are used to having their way: AU Commission chief Jean Ping, Presidents Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz of Mauritania, Dennis Sassou Nguesso (Republic of Congo), Mali's Amadou Toumani Toure, South Africa's Jacob Zuma, and Uganda's President Yoweri Museveni. East African



Turkey offers to broker Libya ceasefire as rebels advance on Sirte <link>
The Turkish prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan has signalled that Turkey is ready to act as a mediator to broker an early ceasefire in Libya, as he warned that a drawn-out conflict risked turning the country into a "second Iraq" or "another Afghanistan" with devastating repercussions both for Libya and the Nato states leading the intervention. The Guardian



Bruised and bloodied, Libyan woman bursts in on journalists to tell of her ordeal <link>
A woman eludes security to reach a roomful of journalists at a hotel to tell of her abduction and rape at the hands of Moammar Kadafi's forces. The reporters take notes and document her injuries before she is taken away. LA Times

Libya may be placing corpses at bombed sites <link>
US intelligence reports suggest that Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi's forces have placed the bodies of people they have killed at the sites of coalition air strikes so they can blame the West for the deaths, US Secretary of Defence Robert Gates said in a television interview on Saturday. Mail and Guardian

Migrants From Libya Reach Italy <link>
A boat carrying nearly 300 African migrants fleeing the fighting in Libya has arrived in Italy. Those on board were mostly Eritreans and Ethiopians. It is believed to be the first boat to cross the Mediterranean from Libya to Italy since the Libyan rebels launched their campaign to oust Moammar Gadhafi, Libya's leader, last month. At least two more boats are reported on their way. VOA

Obama urges Ivory Coast president to cede power <link>
While keeping up with developments in Libya, Syria and other parts of the Middle East, President Obama also found time this weekend to urge the defeated president of Ivory Coast to cede power and avoid a civil war. "Last year's election was free and fair, and President Alassane Ouattara is the democratically elected leader of the nation," Obama said in a video message. USA Today

Ouattara Rejects New Ivory Coast Mediator <link>
Efforts to resolve the political crisis in Ivory Coast suffered a new setback Sunday when one of the two rival presidents rejected a proposed mediator. Alassane Ouattara, who most countries recognize as president of Ivory Coast, said in a statement he was not consulted before the African Union put forward the name of Jose Brito, Cape Verde's former foreign minister. VOA

The Case for Intervention in the Ivory Coast <link>
New bodies turn up on the streets and in the morgues nearly every day with bullet wounds, slashed throats, and charred skin from being burned alive. As in Libya, a desperate regime clings to power and makes murderous threats against its own people. And, in both cases, peaceful protesters are being mowed down by machine guns. Foreign Policy

Egypt Will Recognize Independent Southern Sudan, Minister Says <link>
Egypt will recognize Southern Sudan as a separate country when it is declared independent in July, Foreign Minister Nabil El-Arabi said today in Sudan. "Egypt intends to be the second to recognize the south" after the Sudanese government, El-Arabi told reporters in Khartoum, the Sudanese capital. He was in Sudan with an Egyptian delegation that included Prime Minister Essam Sharaf, who was sworn in March 7. They will travel to Southern Sudan tomorrow. Bloomberg

Violence: Jonathan Considers Massive Security Operations <link>
The escalating pre-election violence in the country may be met with a stiff crackdown as the Federal Government prepares to deploy massive security measures ahead of the polls. THISDAY learnt Sunday that President Goodluck Jonathan may seek the nod of the Council of State to roll out tough security measures to tackle the violence which is spreading to more states of the federation. This Day

Somalia: Uganda to Send 2,000 More Troops <link>
Uganda and Burundi will each add 2,000 peacekeepers in Somalia by mid this year to raise the number from 8,000 to 12,000, an increment approved by the UN Security Council in December last year. The offer to increase troops in the volatile Somali capital, Mogadishu, was announced last week in Mogadishu by Chief of Defence Forces, Gen. Aronda Nyakairima, and his Burundian counterpart, Maj. Gen. Godefroid Niyombare in a joint statement to all field commanders of AU forces in Somalia. allAfrica

Ghana Border Town Braced for Influx of Ivorian Refugees <link>
As many as a million people have fled Côte d'Ivoire's commercial capital, Abidjan, due to intensified fighting. Many people are fleeing to areas in the north, centre and east of the country as thousands of youth answered a call to join forces loyal to Laurent Gbagbo; others are trying to leave the country. IPS

Africa fears loss of Libyan investment <link>
As part of his pan-African vision, Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi has invested heavily in businesses and projects across the continent. But as upheaval rages in the country, the future of those investments is uncertain. Deutsche Welle

Norfolk-based Navy ships send pirates scampering <link>
The first call for help went out Thursday morning. From a Philippine-flagged merchant vessel in the Arabian Sea, a voice came over the radio: Pirates are about to hijack us. Less than a hundred miles away, sailors aboard two Norfolk-based ships were listening. The aircraft carrier Enterprise and the cruiser Leyte Gulf were off the coast of Pakistan to launch fighter jets over Afghanistan. Now they had another mission, too. Stars and Stripes

Ethiopia: The great land-grab debate <link>
Ethiopia has little time for critics of its large-scale land-leasing policy, insisting the millions of dollars of foreign investment will create jobs, improve domestic agricultural expertise and reduce both poverty and the country's chronic food insecurity. IRIN

Kinetic military action' or 'war'? <link>
Police action, conflict, hostilities and now "kinetic military action." They're all euphemisms for that word that this White House and many before it have been so careful not to say: War. Administration officials told congressional aides in a closed briefing earlier this week that the United States is not at war with Libya, and Deputy National Security Adviser Ben Rhodes danced around the question in a Wednesday exchange with reporters aboard Air Force One. Politico